Schistosomiasis (bilharzia) - cause, transmission mode, symptoms, types, treatment and pregnancy

Schistosomiasis is an acute and chronic parasitic disease caused by blood flukes (trematode worms) of the genus Schistosoma.

What is schistosomiasis or bilharzia?

Schistosomiasis is an acute and chronic disease caused by parasitic worms. It is transmitted when larval forms released by freshwater snails penetrate human skin during contact with infested water.

In which regions is the disease mostly found?

Schistosomiasis is prevalent in tropical and subtropical areas of the world. It is more prevalent in poor communities without access to safe drinking water and adequate sanitation. It is estimated that at least 90% of those requiring treatment for schistosomiasis live in Africa.

Schistosomiasis transmission mode 

Bilharzia is transmitted when people suffering from schistosomiasis contaminate freshwater sources with their excreta containing parasite eggs, which hatch in water. In the body, the larvae develop into adult worms. These worms live in the blood vessels where the females release eggs. Some of the eggs are passed out of the body in the faeces or urine to continue the parasite’s life cycle. Others become trapped in body tissues, causing immune reactions and progressive damage to organs.

Types of Schistosomiasis

There are two major forms of schistosomiasis: 

1. Intestinal Schistosomiasis 
2. Urogenital Schistosomiasis 

Both forms affect mainly poor and rural communities, particularly agricultural and fishing populations.

Symptoms of intestinal schistosomiasis

Intestinal schistosomiasis can cause :- 

• Abdominal pain
• Diarrhoea
• Blood in the stool. 
• Liver enlargement is common in advanced cases and is frequently associated with an accumulation of fluid in the peritoneal cavity and hypertension of the abdominal blood vessels.
• In such cases there may also be enlargement of the spleen.

Symptoms of urogenital schistosomiasis

The classic sign is :- 

• Presence of blood in urine (haematuria). 
• Fibrosis of the bladder and ureter, and kidney damage are sometimes diagnosed in advanced cases. 
• Bladder cancer is another possible complication in the later stages. 
• In women, urogenital schistosomiasis may present with genital lesions, vaginal bleeding, pain during sexual intercourse, and nodules in the vulva. 
• In men, urogenital schistosomiasis can induce pathology of the seminal vesicles, prostate, and other organs.

Is the disease more complicated in women?

Women doing domestic chores in infested water, such as washing clothes in areas endemic for the disease, are greatly at risk. Women can also develop female genital schistosomiasis – which can cause genital lesions, vaginal bleeding, pain during sexual intercourse, and nodules in the vulva. Female genital schistosomiasis is also considered to be a risk factor for HIV infection, especially in women.

How do children get exposed and how can the disease affect them?

Lack of hygiene and certain play habits of school-aged children such as swimming or fishing in infested water make them especially vulnerable to infection. Schistosomiasis can also cause anaemia and stunting and a reduced ability to learn among children.

Treatment of schistosomiasis 

All forms of schistosomiasis can be treated effectively by the WHO-recommended medicine praziquantel. It is effective, safe, and low-cost. 

Even though re-infection may occur after treatment, the risk of developing severe disease is diminished and even reversed when treatment is initiated and repeated in childhood. As part of its global strategy to control the disease, WHO focuses on reducing the disease through periodic, targeted treatment with praziquantel through the large-scale treatment (preventive chemotherapy) of affected populations. This involves regular treatment of all at-risk groups.

Can pregnant women be treated with praziquantel?

Praziquantel is extremely safe and WHO recommends that pregnant women infected with the disease should be treated. But as a general precaution, WHO recommends treatment should be taken after the first trimester.

Should tourists be concerned when traveling to countries that have schistosomiasis?

Tourists can easily avoid infection by not swimming in fresh water in areas where schistosomiasis is likely to occur. Even if infected, the worms do not cause a life-threatening disease for someone who is generally healthy. The disease is only serious for people living in endemic areas who become constantly re-infected and have no access treatment. If infected, treatment with praziquantel is easy, efficacious and safe.