A lack of voluntary control over micturition is referred to as incontinence. In infants less than 2 year old, incontinence is normal because neurons to the external urethral sphincter muscle are not completely developed. Infants void whenever the urinary bladder is sufficiently distended to stimulate the reflex.
Involuntary micturition in adults may occur as a result of unconsciousness, injury to the spinal nerves controlling the urinary bladder, irritation due to abnormal constituents in urine, disease of the urinary bladder, damage to the external sphincter, and inability of the detrusor muscle to relax due to emotional stress.
Retention, a failure to completely or normally void urine, may be due to an obstruction in the urethra or neck of the urinary bladder, nervous contraction of the urethra, or lack of sensation to urinate.
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